See the
section:
"What like do we see hydro-reclamation
systems in future".
There is an attempt to make holistic review on hydro-reclamation system
as a aggregate of objects for making product under reasonable water
resources use in this section.
Holistic review is necessary in science and production, as lack of
complex evaluation can figuratively be explained by an example of
ancient Indian parable about evaluation of an elephant by five blind
men, each of those "investigated" a part of it accessible
to him only, and, I think, there is no need to reiterate what the
result was.
We are
analyzing the hydro-reclamation system as a whole and by its separate
functional elements. The best system will be, without fail, not that
having not the most perfect drainage and not the most perfect irrigation
systems, but just one, which due to optimal correlation of its functional
elements (for certain natural and economical conditions) will perform
its destination to the best advantage while having minimal expenses
of material and natural resources, which are under shortage.
Paradoxically
it may seem, but to present day salted and subjected to salinization
lands reclamation problem's solution is linked, mostly, to engineering
drainage only, though its solution for 90 % depends upon perfection
of watering technique.
Beginning of this tendency dates from the moment of deep study
of the problem in 1915-1925 years and failure of the first Golodnaya
Steppe developers. In view of beginning of catastrophic salinity when
irrigating big tracts of new lands, which was recurred in 1956-80
years, it has strengthened and still continues to be kept virtually
on all lands subjected to salinity!
How
many times can one make again the same mistake?
I was
brought to reasons by venerable scientists on several conferences;
they said that science always advocated of integrated approach to
saline soils reclamation. It was difficult to disagree with it, generally,
"integrated approach" expression was originated in lexicon
of land reclamation specialists approximately starting from 60-ies
of last century, however, nothing was proposed in practice to help
to realize it. Mr. Shaumian paid with his career for that, and works
of S.M. Krivoviaz, of P.P. Moskaltzov and of others were like a cry
of wishful people in a desert. Attempts to optimize furrow irrigation
for very wide range of natural conditions are doomed to failure because
its performance capabilities for even and economical water distribution
of root zone wetting even on paper or in idealized models are very
limited. They are being said continually about energy intensity of
perfect techniques of irrigation but at the same time, sensu stricto,
they lose enormous funds for water lifting and not for achieving of
harvest but for continuing of heroic struggle with downward meliorative
conditions! You can find some materials on that in the article of
Morozov A.N."About
evaluation of possibility of application of perfect methods of irrigation"
published in this issue.
It is time to realize, that water shall be delivered to fields with
the purpose to improve natural conditions (and that is why it shall
be delivered within strongly defined volumes, that were determined
by science long ago) but not for areas waterlogging and keeping conditions
that promoting soil salinization. After all, everyone knows that it
is easier to prevent a disease than treat it!
What watering technique is the most efficient in one or another soil-reclamation
conditions of the Aral Sea region? Why, as early as today, can "expensive"
sprinkling compete with other watering methods on almost a fourth
of irrigated lands (in economical, ecological and other aspects),
and for what reasons? About this see on pages "Technique
and technology of watering. New ideas and constructive
decisions", prepared by Doctor oh Technical Science
Mr. Vitaliy Konstantinovich Sevryughin.
It is
time to understand that we should supply water to fields in order
to improve the natural conditions (and therefore in strict dosed quantity
which is defined by the science long ago), and not to swamp the territory
keep a regime salting the soil! It is generally known that it is easier
to prevent a disease than to cure the one.
Our new
author V.I.Antonov's article
called "Sprinkling? That makes
good sense..." inserted in this section is interesting.
It includes many constructive things about not only sprinkling but
about water-related problems in the whole.
In the
section "Watering technique is
a key to reclamation of salted lands" prepared by
the site's author you can find material on connection of situation
turned out in irrigated agriculture on salted and subjected ton salinity
lands of the Central Asian Region (CAR) with watering technique used,
about possible ways out of the situation arisen.
On the
page "About using sprinkling
irrigation in the Kyzylkum desert", you will find
an interesting material by A.N.Morozov,
made of materials of the Doctor thesis work of N.L.Morozov
of near historical past, that confirms our previous conclusions concerning
the efficiency of using improved irrigation technique on lands subjected
to salinity. Moreover, the section is complemented with the V.K.Sevryugjin
and A.N.Morozov's article
named "Analysis of the sprinkling
usage experience in Uzbekistan".
A new
section in our site is dedicated to the vexed and absolutely not developed
(under the geopolitical and economical conditions formed nowadays)
point on replenishment of the Central Asian region from rivers of
other countries. The idea itself is sound and do not raise doubts,
for no matter how reasonable water resources are used, their exhaustion
is inevitable in countries where there are abundant lands good for
irrigation. In the world practice, there are successful examples of
realization of inter-basin redistribution of river flows, from regions
with excess water to regions suffering from its shortage. Solution
of such, say, global problems needs for too much time and attraction
of high-qualified experts in various fields. Historical examples are
indicative of the fact that implementation of ideas on realization
of even relatively small irrigation objects required for a sufficiently
long time, sometimes - a few centuries.
We give
two articles regarding this problem: by V.I.Antonov
"Re the "fallacious"
project that should be rehabilitated" and by an Academician
of the International Academy for Information, Doctor of economical
sciences D.M.Ryskulov,
author of economic substantiation of the design decisions' Feasibility
Studies, referred as to "At first,
one should know: if is water supply from the Ob river to Central Asia
effective?". We would like to consider without bias
all merits and demerits of this idea from the scientific standpoint,
casting aside all unnecessary unfounded demagogy in order to determine
possibility, conditions and terms for its realization.
In that
section, an article by Y.I.Shirokova,
A.N.Morozov "On
allowing for drainage degree and mineralization of irrigation water
when designing irrigation regimes" has been added.
In that examples of application of water-salt regime modelling useful
for making strategic decisions and, in particular, on drainage place
at water-salt regime control, are shown.
The main
role of the site's author is issues on soil water-salt regime forming.
More than 50 % of irrigated lands of the Republic of Uzbekistan and
quite considerable areas of the other republics' territories are salted
or potentially subjected to salinity. In such conditions one cannot
but account for water resources quality and salt-transfer processes
while developing irrigation regimes and calculating water consumption.
Nevertheless,
so far it is not considered in the most up-to-date developmental works,
including "General development scheme of irrigated agriculture
and water economy if the Republic of Uzbekistan for the period to
2015 years" now being worked out. In the "Water-salt
regime of soils" section data about the phenomenon's
nature, brief description models of various complexity and parameters
to them, adapted and zoned in accordance with the CAR's natural conditions
are given. However, not the models based on the known Lavoisier-Lomonosov
law as such have the most importance, but those results, which follow
from the
forecasts.
Generalization
materials of various scientific research institutes and some scientists'
publications over a period of 50 years on issues of
crop irrigation regime study are discussed on next page.
On the base of these materials' analysis, conclusion on incorrect
version of the results of many short-term experiments is drawn, in
those sluggishness of the soil salting and desalination processes
were allowed for not always, and features of watering technique by
furrows applied in the tests were absolutely ignored. Farther on the
page, materials are discussed summarizing publications by various
research institutes and scientists on studying crop irrigation regimes
of more than last 50-year period. Basing on the analysis of these
materials a conclusion was made regarding incorrect interpretation
of many short-term experiments' results, in which the initial soil
salinity degree and lag of salinization-desalinization processes was
not always taken into consideration, and peculiarities of furrow irrigation
technique used were completely ignored.
Study
of gravitational moisture flows in Uzbekistan loess-like soils is
considered by the article of Mr. Morozov and his colleagues "Investigation
of forming prevailing water flows in the soils of the Djizzak region"
that was carried out at the first stage of the INTAS FOOD2000 #436
Project. This phenomenon is of great significance at salt carry-over
under soil leaching.
In the
last release the interesting work N.
Sh. Sharafutdinova was added. Metod
for taking of the decisions about a choice inspection points number
for maintenance of authentic salt shootings.
In the
situation developed now, when irrigation water quality in the Central
Asia rivers basins lowers because of exporting drainage and waste
waters back to the sources, and their indirect repeated use becomes
forced and, practically, general. Furthermore, because of irrational
water resources use and their exhaustion owing to irrigation development,
direct using drainage-effluent waters often compensate river water
lack. How much it is dangerous to soils and crop yield we are analyzing
in the article by G.V.Stulina,
Y.I.Shirokova, and A.N.Morozov
"Current tendency of water
resources forming and traits of high-mineralized water use for soil
irrigation under the conditions of Uzbekistan".
In memory
of my friend, colleague and interesting person a page in memory of
G.N. Pavlov and also our
joint article published with him in the first SREDAZGIPRIVODKHLOPOK
proceedings collection: "On
open drainage design of saline lands (New zone of irrigation of Golodnaya
Steppe as example) was placed there. So far, the article
mainly has not lost its topicality, although 35 years passed since
its publication, it is interest of actual post graduate students and
young scientists by its ideas and approaches to their decision. Besides,
an article of G.N. Pavlov
that has never been published before was added there: Proposals on
"Scientific and Technological
Progress" section development for prospective of
irrigated farming of Uzbekistan that was written by him in 1997 for
the section of scientific and technological progress in irrigation
and irrigated farming of "Master plan of irrigated farming and
of water economy of Uzbekistan Republic for period up to 2015"
A few
new articles were published in the presented publication of number
13. One of them is on existing meliorative conditions in Khorezm oasis
and on possible ways out of the situation: Muradov
K.D. Shirokova Y.I.,
Morozov A.N. "Water
use assessment and of meliorative conditions of irrigated lands of
Khorezm oblast", another one is on irrigated lands
zoning for selection of lands for efficient application of sprinkling:
Morozov A.N. "Uzbekistan
lands zoning for sprinkling application".
The authors
have got a wish - using stored experience on scientific publications,
of presentations development and of contributions at audiences with
the very different levels of education, to write, translate into Uzbek
and publish a popular book for farmers, students and post graduates
on melioration of saline and subjected to saline lands. For this purpose
we look for sponsors that could help us in writing and in publishing
of this popular book. We have published
Abstract of the book here.
Mainly,
we touched only with water economy problems, but social and organizational
questions were left out of our view. It is not enough to present proposals
in technical aspect on the future of irrigation systems, it is also
necessary to find out the ways of implementation for the proposed
technical solutions! All of that are our objectives (and yours, dear
readers of our web-site!) for future works We touched on, mainly,
technical problems of water management, but the social and organizational
issues remained out of our consideration. It is not enough to make
suggestions concerning irrigation systems future in the technical
aspects, which ought to be, but it needs to find ways of carrying
out of the technical solutions offered. This is the purpose of our
future works (as well as yours, dear readers of the site).
Here is an approximate range of issues, to which we are calling your
attention. You can read these materials clicking once by the PC's
mouse on keywords (which are underlined and italicized with bold)
interesting you, and as a professional discuss them on the site that
we are planning to refresh not less than bimonthly.
In the
section "Watering technique is
a key to reclamation of salted lands" prepared by
the site's author you can find material on connection of situation
turned out in irrigated agriculture on salted and subjected ton salinity
lands of the Central Asian Region (CAR) with watering technique used,
about possible ways out of the situation arisen.
The main
role of the site's author is issues on soil water-salt regime forming.
More than 50 % of irrigated lands of the Republic of Uzbekistan and
quite considerable areas of the other republics' territories are salted
or potentially subjected to salinity. In such conditions one cannot
but account for water resources quality and salt-transfer processes
while developing irrigation regimes and calculating water consumption.
Nevertheless, so far it is not considered in the most up-to-date developmental
works, including "General development scheme of irrigated
agriculture and water economy if the Republic of Uzbekistan for the
period to 2015 years" now being worked out.
Information
on nature of the phenomena, brief description of different complexity
models and of characteristics for them adapted and zoned in accordance
with CAR natural conditions are given in the Water-Salt regime of
Soils section. But the main reason is not the models that are
guided by well-known Lavuasie - Lomonosov principles, but it is in
the results that followed from the forecasts of changes
Generalization
materials of various scientific research
institutes and some scientists' publications over a period of 50 years
on issues of crop irrigation regime study are discussed on next page.
On the base of these materials' analysis, conclusion on incorrect
version of the results of many short-term experiments is drawn, in
those sluggishness of the soil salting and desalination processes
were allowed for not always, and features of watering technique by
furrows applied in the tests were absolutely ignored.
What can
the current regulation of rivers flow realized the last 10 years lead
to? Basing on the facts' analysis, Mr.
Nicolay Pavlovich Starikov is reasonably demonstrating
in the section "Problems of
complex irrigation and energetic use of water resources, water allocation
and flow regulation on the international level"
that it is fraught with disastrous for not only the water consuming
countries of the region, but as well as for the states generating
in winter capacity of electricity in excess of planned rate. He offers
to act so that to put in order inter-branch and inter-state water
allocation taking into account mutual interests of the CAR's states.
In the article called "On moisture-charging irrigation roles
in increasing water supply to irrigated lands" an example is
given about using modeling to study way-outs for the situation arisen
in irrigated agriculture in the Syrdarya river basin as a result of
Toktogul hydropower station transition to the energetic operation
mode.
Here is
an approximate range of issues, to which we are calling your attention.
You can read these materials clicking once by the PC's mouse on keywords
(which are underlined and italicized with bold) interesting you, and
as a professional discuss them on the site that we are planning to
refresh not less than bimonthly.
The collection's
aim is:
- to
represent the authors' views with necessary scientific arguments,
what is generally impossible to do in a short journal article in
any single-purpose edition;
- to
try to make active everyone (both young and experienced scientists)
who is worry about certain stagnation in solution of reclamation
issues and efficient water resources use in irrigated agriculture.
It has
been decided to insert all what, in our opinion, will contribute to
understanding processes taking place in the very systems, as well
as operation principles of complex irrigation systems.
We are ready to debates, any critiques toward us will be inserted
in the site with the proviso that it should be scientifically argued.
Respectfully Yours Mr. Alexander Morozov and his colleagues.
25 January, 2007
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